含能纳米流体型燃料研究进展

Research Progress of Energetic Nanofluid Fuel

关键词:  纳米流体型燃料  含能颗粒  燃烧特性  凝胶化  综述

Key words:  Nanofluid fuel  Energetic particle  Combustion characteristics  Gelation  Review

摘要:

含能纳米流体型燃料是将含能纳米颗粒均匀分散于液体基础燃料中制得，具有高密度、高体积热值等特性，是高能量密度燃料的重要研究方向。本文首先总结了含能纳米颗粒的固、液和气相制备方法及纳米流体型燃料的一步和两步制备方法，阐述了范德华力、空间位阻、静电斥力以及溶剂化排斥协同作用以稳定固液两相的原理，介绍了纳米流体燃料稳定性评价方法（沉降与离心法、粒度观测法、光谱吸收法等）及提高燃料稳定性的途径（添加表面活性剂、纳米颗粒表面改性等）；进一步，解析了纳米颗粒表面改性同时提高燃料稳定性和燃烧特性的作用机制，分析了含能纳米颗粒提高燃料能量密度和燃烧速率、缩短点火延迟时间的机理。然后，综述了含能纳米流体型燃料凝胶化的研究进展，该燃料以凝胶态储存，经剪切或升温变稀后以纳米流体相态进行输送和雾化，是解决含能纳米流体型燃料沉降问题的重要手段。最后，提出了纳米流体型燃料的未来研究方向，如合成新型基础燃料、设计含能小分子凝胶剂、开发低成本规模化制备工艺等。

Abstract:

Energetic nanofluid fuel， prepared by uniformly adding energetic nanoparticles to liquid fuel， possesses high density and high volumetric calorific value， which is an important research aspect of high-energy-density fuel. This review summarized the solid， liquid， and gas phase preparation strategies of energetic nanoparticles and the one-step and two-step methods to prepare nanofluid fuels. The principle of stabilizing solid-liquid two-phase nanofluid by the synergistic effect of van der Waals force， steric hindrance， electrostatic repulsion and solvation repulsion was expounded. Subsequently， the evaluation methods of nanofluid fuel stability were introduced， including sedimentation and centrifugation， particle size observation， spectral absorption， etc.， and the methods to improve fuel stability， including surfactant addition， nanoparticle surface modification， etc. Then， the mechanism of improving fuel stability and combustion characteristics by nanoparticle surface modification was analyzed， and the mechanism of energetic nanoparticles increasing fuel energy density and combustion rate and shortening ignition delay time was revealed. After that， the research progress of the gelled energetic nanofluid fuels was summarized， which is an effective method to solve the deposition problem of energetic nanofluid fuel by realizing fuel storage in the gel state， transport and atomization in the liquid phase after thinning by shearing or heating. Finally， the future perspectives of research on nanofluid fuel were emphasized， such as the synthesis of new-type liquid basic fuel， the exploitation of small molecular weight gel agents， and the development of low-cost large-scale preparation processes.