粉末火箭发动机研究进展

Progress of Powder Rocket Engine Technology

关键词:  粉末火箭发动机  Al/AP粉末火箭  Mg粉/CO₂火箭  粉末燃烧  粉末流化  深空探测

Key words:  Powder rocket engine  Al/AP propulsion  Mg/CO₂ propulsion  Powder combustion  Powder supply  Deep-space exploration

摘要:

新型粉末火箭是以颗粒形态燃料或氧化剂为主要推进工质，以少量流化气体为输送介质的火箭推进系统，具有推力可调、多脉冲工作的功能和结构简单、环境温度适应性强、工作可靠性高等性能优势，在近地空间开发、深空探测等领域具有深远的研究价值。本文针对粉末火箭发展历史及技术现状进行了概述分析，并以此梳理出粉末推进剂装填与改性、粉末供给输送、粉末喷注与燃烧等主要关键技术，并对包括冷态标定、常压点火以及样机试车等粉末火箭发动机系统研究过程进行了介绍，同时提出了高性能粉末推进剂研究、发动机低压点火、粉末输送分流与多点喷注、发动机系统控制、环境温度适应潜力等是粉末火箭发动机技术的发展方向。通过对粉末火箭发动机研究经验归纳整理，明确了粉末发动机自身工作特点与优势。

Abstract:

The powder rocket， which makes use of particle fuel and oxidant as the main propellant fluidized by small amount of gas， can realize function of thrust modulation and multiple-impulse. Meanwhile， the advantages of excellent adaptability to extreme environment， simple engine structure and reliable operation performance makes it to be a potential propulsion system in the field of terrestrial space and deep space exploitation and has been addressed intermittently recently. The new-type powder rocket engine development history and technical status quo is summarized and analyzed and the rocket system research include cold flow calibration， ignition calibration and prototype rocket test is introduced. It is pointed out that the powder modification and pack， powder supply， powder injection， chamber combustion organization， rocket engine system research are the critical technology to be urgent solved. Furthermore， powder ignition in low pressure environment， multiple-outlet powder feed， rocket engine control and the temperature sensitivity research of powder are the development direction of powder rocket engine technologies. Rocket engine operation characteristics and advantage is summarized through literature consulting and material analysis， which offers a reference for the follow-up study and application of powder rocket engine.